四、语言合乎规范
语言规范含遣词与造句两方面内容。遣词的标准是:选词准确，词能达意，具体形象，用词丰富，语法正确同时符合英语表达习惯。造句的标准是:句式变化多样，意义与结构完整，意思连贯，逻辑合理，语法正确，同时符合习惯和固定用法。
遣词要注意修辞，避免多次重复同一词汇，可考虑适当使用代词、同义词、近义词、关联词，使表达有变化。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。
造句要避免清一色“主＋谓＋宾”结构，适当采用倒装、强调、被动、长短句、疑问句、反问句、复合句、并列句等各种句型，同时要注意尽量使用自己熟悉和有把握的句型。有的考生由于语言基本功不扎实，在写作中便经常出现病句或中文式英语。例如:
误:His right arm was broken and could not take part in the game.
正:His right arm was broken and he could not take part in the game.
(当and 连接的两个谓分属不同的主语时，and 后谓语的主语不可省略。)
误:What did we learn in youth can never be forgotten.
正:What we learned in youth can never be forgotten.
（当how, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, who, why用引导主语从句时，从句中应用自然语序，不要与特殊疑问句的语序相混。）
误:They have sufficient enough food and water to last them two weeks.
正:They have sufficient/enough food and water to last them two weeks.
（sufficient和enough同义，均表示“足够的”，不可同时修饰同一中心词。）
以上错误在考试作文中常见，考生平常写作训练中应加以纠正，避免考试时出现。要 在40分钟内完成一篇达到要求的高分作文，考生应根据自己的实际情况，参照下列步骤和时间来进行:
1. 审题与构思（8－10分钟）
2. 展开段落（20－25分钟）
3. 检查与修改（5－8分钟）



对于一些我们认为很熟悉的词，当把它放到句子中时却发现把握不定。由于英语中同义词和近义词异常丰富，同义词之间的意义也有细微的差别，在不同的语言环境中意义还会有所变化。所以你要找到最表达自己的意思的词，就一定不要简单地使用首先想到的词。
短文写作的用词是否得当主要应考虑其对文章是否能产生预期的效果，通常应注意以下几点:
一、 选用通俗易懂的词
考研词汇表中的词汇均为常用词，如果能把这些常用词较熟练地应用到写作中，文章就非常不错。有的考生别出心裁地使用了一些华丽的词藻，结果让评卷人看了反而觉不伦不类，效果适得其反。常用词通俗易懂，直接明了，不常用的一些所谓高级词则抽象难懂，意思难以捉摸，对于考生来说应尽量避免，例如:

常用词 非常用词
make manufacture
buy purchase
ask interrogate
finish accomplish
begin commence
end terminate
use utilize
love affection
agree accord
discussion controversy
tell inform
enough sufficient
speed velocity
car vehicle
live dwell
open unclose
put dispose
choice alternative

二、 区分具体与抽象的词
词从语义上可分以具体与抽象两种类别，例如:
 

抽象 具体
good kind, honest, just, generous
warm-hearted, selfless, friendly
laugh smile, chuckle, snigger.
Titter, chuckle, snigger.
Scientist physicist, biologist, chemist.
Fish shark, turbot, salmon, perch, eel.
Tree shrub, bush, pollard, oak,
Beech, plane, pine, willow.

抽象词意范围大，概括力强，但给人以空洞的感觉，适合于文章的开头和结尾等总结性部分。具体词意义有针对性、个性和精确性，给人以确切的概念，适合用于段落中细节的刻画，论点的阐述以及事物的描写。如果用抽象的词来表达具体的事物，便会给人笼统的感觉:
a. 抽象: The man is good.
具体: The man is selfless.
b. 抽象: There are three man in the room.
具体: There are three little boys in the room.
c. 抽象: Mr. Wang is an educator
具体: Mr. Wang is a history teacher.

三、选词要有变化
在一篇短文如果同一词汇，特别是动词、副词、形容词，被重复使用，就会使文章读起来单调无味，显得考生词汇量贫乏。英语以同义丰富为特点，用词多样化是必要的修辞手段。常用的用词技巧如:
1.善于使用同义词，例如:
She is not a friend but a nodding acquaintance.
He lived in a small town, and he can never forget the little town where he spent his happy childhood.
2.善于使用代词，例如:
A scientist draws conclusions by studying the facts he collects.
Such symbols as are used to represent chemical elements should be firmly kept in mind.



从遣词到造句，从造句到段落，一篇文章才能完成，每个句子和段落都有一写的规律可循，都有自己的写作技巧。
有的考生写出的文章、句子、语法结构与用词均无太大毛病，但仍然得不到高分，主要原因是句式缺少变化。正如前面所述，如果文章中简单句用得太多，文章便显得无生气，也说明考生英语水平还待提高。下面是造句注意的几个问题:
一、避免语法方面的错误
1. 结构不完整，例如:
误:We congratulated to him.
正:We congratulated him.
误o you like listening to other people to talk?
正o you like listening to other talk？
2.混淆词义，例如
误:He raised to greet us (raise举起)
正:He rose to greet us.(rise起立)
误: I laid in bed all morning.(lay/laid, laid放)
正:I lay in bed all morning.(lie/lay, lain躺)
3.累赘，例如:
原句:In China, Some cities are seriously polluted, and some cities are being polluted.
改进:In China, Some cities are seriously polluted, some being polluted.
4.词性误用，例如:
误:Good conditions is very benefit.
正:Good conditions are very beneficial.
误:They don’t feel nerves.
正:They don’t feel nervous.
5. 主谓不一致，例如
误:Statistics are a branch of mathematics.
正:Statistics is a branch of mathematics.
误:The variety of pictures at this exhibition please me.
正:The variety of pictures at this exhibition pleases me.
6. 动名词与不定式的误用，例如:
误:I hope visiting Beijing again.
正:I hope to visit Beijing again.(hope不接动名词?)
误:I ’d rather staying where I am.
正:I’d rather stay where I am.(would rather 要接省略to 的不定式)

二、注意句子的完整性
一个句子必须完整，就是说在意义和结构上都是完整的，以完整的结构来表达完整的意思，试比较
意义不完整:July is the hottest time of the year, and my birthday comes in this month.
改进: I was born in the hottest month of the year, July.
意思不完整:Mexico City is great and cosmopolitan, with a fine university and ultramodern architecture, and I hope to go there this summer.
改进:Mexico City is great and cosmopolitan, with a fine university and ultramodern architecture, I hope to go there this summer.
句子的结构完整表现的语法结构上无毛病，试比较:
结构不完整:English is a language, language is something used to communicate with other people.
改进:English is a language which is used to communicate.
结构不完整:A good English class is the all students can speak.
改进:A good English class is one in which all the students can speak.

三、注意句子的连贯性
句子的连贯性是指句子中的词和各组成分非常合理的连接起来，使意思表达非常清楚。试比较:
不连贯:He likes to sing, to swim, and table-tennis.
改进: He like to sing, to swim, and to play table-tennis.
不连贯: He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.
改进: He was knocked down by a bicycle but was not seriously hurt.
时间不连贯: He left the library when his paper is written,
改进:He left the library when he had written his paper.

四、注意句子的变化性
句子的变化性指的是同一种意义可以通过各种变化的句型来表达。一篇文章要使人觉得内容丰富，语言生动有力，就应交叉使用长句、短句、简单句、复合句、并列句、疑问句等，达到形式与内容的统一。例如:
1. 简单句型的转换:
原句:Victoria is a garden city, with one of the most delightful climates in the world.
变化1.A garden city, with one of the most delightful climates in the world, is Victoria.
变化2.Victoric, a garden city, has one of the most delightful climates in the world.
原句:She knew German very well.
变化1.She had a good command of German.
变化2.She had a good knowledge of German.
2. 复杂句型的转换
原句: They struggled forward. They were exhausted. Their steps were dragging, They had to push on.
变化: Exhausted, they struggled forward, their steps dragging, but they had to push on.
原句: Nothing here indicates where this information came from.
变化:There is no indication here where this information came from.
3.表现一段文章中的句子变化:
Hearing that Russia emphasizes foreign language,(现在分词短语作状语)we have suddenly increased our own offerings.(现在完成的时句型)But too seldom have our schools analyzed our needs.(转折和倒装句例)One school had re-established Latin; another has introduced conversational French for infants.(分号构成两个对比和平行的结构)Seldom have they asked whether Latin and French are as imperative as knowledge of Moslem customs or religion,(倒装结构与后面结构反对)or what languages are needed and for what needs.(what引导名词从句构成问)

五、注意句子的扩展性
英语中所有结构复杂的句子都是由基本句型扩展而生成的，由基本的陈述句型转成疑问句、感叹句、祈使句、被动句、倒装句等。在基本句型的基础上添加各种修饰成分便使句子得到了扩展，正如村干长出了大枝、小枝、树叶、花朵和果实。试比较:
基本句:He grew up.
扩展句:Born in a small town in South China in 1937, he grew up to be musician.
基本句:The moon was hidden.
扩展句:The moon was hidden entirely behind the dark clouds and not a single star could be seen.
扩展句可使文章内容具体、更生动、更有活力，但要根据具体情况加以采用



一篇文章可由几个自然段组成。文章中的句子和段落均为文章的中心思想服务，形成一个有机的整体。好的段落必须是意思完整，语义连贯，完全体现文章主旨中心，同时又是层次分明，结构严谨，逻辑关系应用合理的。
一、段落的组成
一个段落由三部分组成:
1.主题句（Topic Sentence）:点出段落的主题（谈论什么）。
2.扩展句（Developing Sentence）:说明和支持主题。
3.结尾句（Concluding Sentence）:得出结论。



二、段落的主题
一篇文章有中心意思，也就是题目。而每个段落则有段落主题，段落主题是为文章中心思想服务的。
每个段落只能有一个主题（central idea），它用一个句子加以表达，所以称为主题句。主题提出后需要很多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明，称为扩展句。最后得出一个结论，并用一个结尾句表达。参看下面段落:
（主题句）Slavery in the United States existed almost unchanged for 250 years.(扩展句1)During this time, most slaves were not allowed to marry or to raise families.(扩展句2) Usually they were not allowed to learn to read.(扩展句3) It was very dangerous for a slave to travel, since even free Negroes could be kidnapped and sold at any time. (结尾句)Under these conditions, it was almost impossible for them to organize to help each other.

三、写好主题句
定义:主题句为一个完整的句子，用以概括、叙述和说明该段的主题。
位置:主题句一般位于段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，这样较易掌握和构思。例如:
位于段首:在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主题句。开门见山地提出问题，后面的扩展句围绕主题句加以说明、支持、补充和解释。
Learning English at college is different from learning English at the middle school. In the middle school, the students are more dependent and passive. But college students must solve most of the problems by themselves. They will have to consult the dictionaries and reference books by themselves and prepare their lessons.
位于段尾:主题句位于段尾便于总结全段的内容，给读者以深刻的印象，是写作中的一种演绎方法。
Similarly, in order to write successful answers to essay questions on history or anthropology examinations, a student must arrange the relevant facts and opinions according to some accepted pattern of paragraph structure. And certainly when a student writes a book report for English, or a critiques for politics studies, or a term paper for sociology, style and organization are often as important as content. Clearly, the ability to write well organized, concise paragraphs and essays is essential to a student’s success in almost all university courses.
位于段中:位于段中的主题句起承上启下的作用，这类主题句多起转折作用，一般由“but, however, yet, anyhow, nevertheless”等词连接，用于引起下文。
What we teach ourselves sometimes indeed in more useful than what we learn from others. Some great men had little or no schooling. But these great men probably studied harder by themselves than most boys do in school. The greatest minds do not necessarily of those who have never been able to distinguish themselves at school, have been very successful in life later. It has been said that Wellington and Napoleon were both dull boys at school, and so were Newton and Albert Einstein.
无主题句:有的段落中无主题句，段落的主题思想通过文章内容来提示，这种方法能促使读者对文章内容时行思考和分析，但考生一般不宜在考试中采用这种方法:
There came a breeze, then a gust of wind, The wind became stronger. It rattled the windows, turned up the fallen leaves, bent down the trees. Distant rumbling thunder was heard and came nearer and nearer. Large drops of rain began to fall. Flashes of lightening lit up the sky. Thunder roared overhead. Now the rain poured down,

写好主题句的方法:
1. 主题句要概括一定内容，不要空泛，否则扩展句将难以说明和支持它，例如:
空泛:English language is very important.
概括:English language is very important in our daily life.
空泛:The Olympic Games are exciting.
概括:In the Olympic Games the football teams from many countries compete intensely.
2. 尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子:
简洁:Collecting stamps is her hobby.
复杂: She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.
简洁: I enjoyed watching Gone with the wind very much.
复杂:Gone with the wind was a good film which I enjoyed watching very much.
3. 主题句应该做到句子完整和表达的主题思想完整:
不完整:How to write a composition.
完整:How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about.
不完整:If the weather was fine.
完整:If it was fine, we would have had a good time.
4. 写好主题句中的关键词。
关键词是直接表达主题的词汇，它决定段落的内容和展开的方法，引导整个段落的发
展，例如:
There are several ways to boil the water.
The task can be finished in three steps.
There is a new method to reduce the cost.